Method for separating hydrocarbons and making mercaptans



OCL 16, 1945 D. E. BADERTSCHER ET Al. 2,386,759

METHOD FOR SEPARATING HYDROCARBONS AND MAKING MERCAPTANS Filed oct. 7, 1942 2 Sheets-Sheet l Oct. 16, 1945. D. E. BADERTscl-IER ET Al. 2,386,759

METHOD FOR SEPARATING HYDROCARBONS AND MAKING MERCAPTANS Filed Oct. '7, 1942 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 IIO 20 'I0 'Tfn/PERA MRE, 0C.

3o 4o so so Harr C00 ra DuncanJ Crqry y 'ATTQRNEY' Patented Oct. 16, i945 METHOD FOR SEPARATING HYDROCAR- BONS AND DIAKING MERCAPTANS Darwin E. Badertscher, Woodbury, N. J., Harry L. Coonradt, Camp Lee, Va., and Duncan J.

Crowley,

Penns Grove, N. J.,

assignors to Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Incorporated, a corporation of New York Application October 7, 1942, Serial No. 461,116

18 Claims.

This invention has to do with a selective catalytic method for effecting the separation of certain olefins from hydrocarbon mixtures. More specifically, the present invention has to do with a vapor phase, catalytic treatment of a hydrocarbon mixture with HeS whereby only those hydrocarbons of a sub-class of olens, hereinafter defined as the tertiary base olens, are converted to their corresponding mercaptans.

It is well known to those familiar with the art that olefins will react with HzS in the presence of various catalysts to form mercaptans. For example, it has been suggested that olens of at least eight carbon atoms will react in the liquid phase in the presence of certain catalysts, at time intervals of from 6 to 72 hours, to form sulfur-containing compounds including sulfides and mercaptans. The present invention' distinguishes over the foregoing in that our catalytic treatment is carried out in the vapor phase with a very brief contact time which may vary from a fraction of a second to about a minute. Another fundamental distinction between previously proposed processes and the novel process of the present invention is predicated upon our discovery that the catalytic process contemplated herein is selective for the conversion of certain olefins to their corresponding mercaptans. For example, the present invention is based upon the discovery that the C--4 and C- tertiary base olefins, isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsynimetrical methyl ethyl ethylene tof which the latter two are teritary base amylencs), contained in a mixture of hydrocarbons are converted to their correspending tertiary mercaptans when the hydrocarbon mixture in the vapor phase and in admixture with HzS is passed over a suitable catalyst with the temperature of the catalyst or reaction Zone maintained within certain preferred limits, depending upon the nature of the catalyst, the pressure in the reaction Zone, etc.

Accordingly, the process of the present invention may be employed to treat a mixture of hydro-J carbons for ultimate use in an operation where the tertiary base olens, such as isobutylene and tertiary base amylenes, are harmful contaminan'ts, and to effect the removal of such contaminantsat the same time producing valuable organic chemicals from the tertiary base olefins removed. It has been shown, for example, that isobutylene in a butene mixture retards the formation of olefin SO2 polysulfonc resins and the process of the present invention may be used to provide a butene mixture devoid of isobutylcne for use in such resinifying reaction.

Eil

Tertiary base olens as defined herein are those olefins characterized by the presence oi the tertiary olefin linkage where R is a low molecular weight, alkyl group. such as methyl. Typical members of this class, and preferred herein, are isobutylcne,

(H3C)2C=CH 2 and trimethyl ethylene,

n- (rammed-cn;

The present invention also provides a highly effective and economical method for obtaining the individual tertiary m'ercaptan from its corresponding tertiary base olefin, i. e., tertiary butyl mercaptan from isobutylene, and tertiary amyl mercaptan from trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene, respectively. These tertiary mercaptans may be obtained as an incident to the separation of the corresponding tertiary base olefins from a hydrocarbon mixture as aforesaid, or they may be obtained by the vapor phase reaction of the pure tertiary base olefin with hydrogen sulfide under similar conditions in the same catalytic environment.

The catalysts which we have found to be effective for the purposes of this invention are the following: acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, elementary tred) phosphorus, sulfuric acid and sulfonic acids, non-plastic clay-type catalysts typified by Fullers earth, alumina-silica type synthetic catalysts and halogenated acids, such as trichloracctic, etc. For the purposes of the present invent-ion, preference is given herein to the acids and thicacids of phos-L phorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, representative of which are HJPOi, HsPOe, P205, P203, HgPS/i, P255, etc.; other catalysts are made the subject matter of companion applications, There is little1 if any, diminution in the effectiveness of our preferred catalysts as used herein. Naturally, the presence of appreciable amounts of moisture in the reactants would tend to leach out water-soluble catalysts such as phosphoric acid, Therefore, it is desirable to dry the gases prior to contacting them with the catalyst, The drying of the gases prior to introduction into the reactor presents no difliculties and is routine procedurc to those familiar with the chemical and pcf troleurn arts. Depending upon the physical prop erties of the phosphorus compound, the catalyst may be used alone (if comprised of solid particles) or adsorbed on the surface of a suitable carrier, the latter form being preferred.

We have discovered that the reaction of hydrogen sulde with a tertiary base olen to form a tertiary mercaptan by the process contemplated herein is quite sensitive to temperature as a means for controlling the yield of mercaptan, and it is a further important object of this invention to provide a process of the class described, wherein the temperature is controlled to aiord a maximum yield of the mercaptan.

Further details in a preferred procedure for carrying out the process contemplated by this invention may be obtained from the following description taken with accompanying drawings, which are chosen for illustrative purposes only and in which: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating one form of apparatus which may be employed in practicing the process of this invention; Figure 2 is a sectional elevation showing in enlarged detail a typical form of reactor which may be employed in the system shown in Figure l; and Figure 3 is a graph with a series of curves showing the effect of temperature variations upon the yield of tertiary butyl mercaptanl in the process contemplated herein.

In Figure 1, reference numeral II indicates a reactor which is shown in Figure 2 as embodying a shell I2 which may be of circular or other suitable cross-sectional shape, such shell being provided near its top with a partition plate I3 having a plurality of openings I4, which receive the upper ends of tubes I5 secured therein in any suitable manner, such as welding not shown). The lower ends of the tubes I5 are supported in openings I6 through a bottom partition plate. I1 secured near t-he bottom of the shell I2 in any suitable manner so as to form a chamber I8 in the shell between plates I1 and I3. For the purpose of controlling the temperature within the tubes I5, a suitable heat exchange medium is circulated through the chamber I8 from an inlet 2I'I to an outlet 2 I. x

The top of the chamber or shell I2 is provided with a. cover 22, which with the top partition plate I3 forms a chamber 23 in the top of the shell 'adapted to receive reaction vapors through an inlet 24, which vapors enter the various tubes from the chamber 23, as indicated by the arrows. 'I'he bottom of the shell I2 is provided with a bottcm cover 25, through which the products of reaction pass from the tubes I5 into the product outlet 23.

The bottoms of the various tubes I5 are provided with a suitable mesh material to support a body of catalyst indicated by the stippling in Figure 2 within these tubes. This mesh material may be supported in any suitable manner and, as shown in Figure 2, comprises a screen supported beneath the bottom plate I1 by a similarly perforated plate I 1.

As aforesaid, the reaction contemplated herein is quite sensitive to temperature control; and although the length and size of the reaction tubes I5 and the relation between the total volume of the chamber I8 and the volume within such chamber which isoccupied by the reaction tubes may be varied over relatively wide limits, it is to assavee catalyst tubes I5 within the range for most eilicient operation, as will be hereinafter discussed.

Referring back to Figure 1: reference numeral 30 indicates a conduit adapted to carry hydrocarbons through a meter M into the reactor inlet conduit 24. This conduit is shown as passing through a pre-heater or vaporizer 32 through which a hot heat exchange medium is circulated by means of connections 33 and 33'. Hydrogen sulde is introduced into the system through the valved connection 35 and a meter M', such hydrogen sulfide being optionally introduced into the inlet 24 on either side of the vaporizei` 32 by means of valved connection 36 or 36'.

With regard to the vaporizer or pre-heater 32, it is to be understood that other suitable means may be provided for insuring that the reactants are in the vapor phase when they pass into the catalyst tubes in the reactor. For example, it may be found, particularly after the reaction has been started, that there is sufficient heat in the reactor itself to effect this vaporization. or heater coils may be provided in the chamber 23, as will readily appear to those sl-:illed in the art.

Suitable means for controlling the temperature of the heat exchange medium entering the reactor through inlet 20 are indicated by reference numeral 40. The temperature-control means 40 may be any suitable heat exchange device and can be either manually or automatically operated in any manner well known to those skilled in the art. Also. if desired, the heat exchange medium may be recirculated from the outlet 2| through the temperature control 40 to the inlet 2U as will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Any suitable heat exchange medium, such as water, may be employed to control the temperature in the chamber I8 of reactor II.

Reference numeral 4I indicates a cooler or condenser through which the product-outlet conduit 2B passes into conduit section 26', which opens into a sealed receiving chamber 21. The cooler or condenser 4I is provided with an inlet 42 equipped with temperature-controlling means-43 and with a heat exchange medium-outlet connection 44. The temperature of the cooler 4I maybe controlled through the control 43, so as to condense substantially all of the mercaptan which can then be withdrawn together with the polymerization products of reaction from the sealed chamber 21 through a valved liquid-outlet connection 45, or such temperature in the cooler 4I may be controlled so that only the high boiling products are condensed, substantially all of the mercaptan together with the hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbon gases being conducted in such case from the sealed chamber 21 through a vapor-outlet conduit 41 to the bottom of a scrubbing tower 8. The top of the scrubbing tower 43 is provide with a gas vent 50 and an inlet conduit 5I for a scrubbing solution such as aqueous caustic soda. The bottom of the scrubber 48 has an outlet 52 which connects with the bottom of a still or stripper 54. Outlet connection 52 is equipped with a drainage valve 53. The still or stripper 54 is shown as being equipped with a high-pressure steam coil or other suitable source of heat 55 and has an outlet 56 which connects through a condenser 51 with a separator 58. The separator 53 is provided with a valved mercaptan outlet 59, a gauge glass 13 to facilitate removal of the mercaptan, Aand a valved water outlet SII. The water outlet 60 connects through a valve 6I with a water return pipe B2, which in turn is shown as connecting with the caustic reservoir 67. The still 54 is shown as being equipped with a caustic outlet conduit 64 which includes a liquid caustic well 64', the purpose of which is to prevent mercaptan vapor from leaving still 54 by the conduit 64. Caustic passes through conduit 54 to a caustic cooler 65 and exits therefrom through outlet 66 to the caustic reservoir 6l. The caustic reservoir is tted with a drainage means 68. The caustic reservoir is also equipped with a conduit 69 which connects with the intake side of a pump 63. The discharge side of pump 63 is shown as connecting with inlet conduit l of scrubber' 48. Means indicated at 'lil are provided for adding fresh caustic when desired; and means indicated at ll are provided for adding fresh water to the system. A water drain is shown at l2, and the last-described connections are shown as being provided with suitable valves for controlling the .addition or discharge of the various media.

In practicing the process contemplated herein with an apparatus of the type shown in Figures 1 and 2, the tertiarybase olen, either alone or in admixture with other hydrocarbons, and the hydrogen sulfide are metered into the system through meters M and M. The proportions of these two reactants may be varied over relatively wide limits, but for optimum results it is preferred that these proportions be such that the hydrogen sulfide be slightly in excess of the molar equivalent required to react with the tertiary base olefin present.

The admixture of hydrocarbon and HzS is introduced into the reactor' Il in the vapor phase,

as by passing the hydrocarbon through the vaporizer 32 prior to admixture with HiS. Upon entering the reactor Il, the hydrocarbon -HzS vapor mixture passes through the catalyst tubes I5 where it contacts the catalyst for a short period of time. It is a feature of the process contemplated herein that the period of catalyst contact is very short. With a catalyst of .the type described hereinabove, contact times of from about a fraction of a second to about a minute serve the purposes of this invention, but in general, a Contact time of a few seconds is preferred. The temperature of the heat transfer medium in chamber I8 is controlled by the temperature control 40 so that the temperature of the catalyst zone within the tubes I5 is maintained within the range thatwill give the desired conversion, As aforesaid, the process contemplated herein is quite sensitive to temperature. We have found, for example, that the process is operative between the. limits of atmospheric temperature (at about C.) and about 175 C., but for optimum conversion a more closely defined range of temperature is necessary. This will be discussed in further detail hereinafter.

When in contact with the catalyst in the catalyst tubes I5 under the conditions described herein, the tertiary base olefin reacts with the hydrogen sulfide in the reaction mixture to form the corresponding tertiary mercaptan. For eX- arnple, when the hydrocarbon used is isobutylene, tertiary butyl mercaptan is formed and also a small amount of higher boiling materials which are mainly polymers of isobutylene. Thus, the eiuent gases leaving the reactor Il through discharge conduit 25'contain tertiary butyl mercaptan, high boiling materials, traces of unreacted HzS and traces of unreacted isobutylene. Similarly, when the hydrocarbon used is tertiary base amylene, tertiary amyl mercaptan is formed CII and the eiiluent gases will'contain unreacted H28, unreacted tertiary base amylene and polymers of said amylene in addition to this mercaptan.`

When the hydrocarbon used is a hydrocarbon mixture containing a tertiary base olefin (or tertiary base olens), such as for example so'butylene, secondary olefins, normal` olefins, and sata rated hydrocarbons, only the tertiary base olefin (or tertiary base olens) is converted to the corresponding mercaptan. Other hydrocarbons in the mixture are unaffected by contact with the catalyst and HzS. With such a hydrocarbon mixture, the eiluent gases contain tertiary butyl mercaptan, higher boiling materials which are pre dominantly polymers of isobutylene, traces `of unreacted HzS and unreacted isobutylene, and unreacted hydrocarbons, such as normal olens, secondary olens and saturated hydrocarbons.

In either case, the eilluent gases flow through the discharge conduit 2B to the condenser 4|. As aforesaid, the temperature of the condenser may be maintained such that only the high boiling products are condensed, in which case, the condensate flows into the sealed chamber 21 and from which it can then bewithdrawn through the outlet connection 45. The unreacted hydrocarbons, unreacted H28 and the tertiary mercap-v tan, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan, are not condensed when such a temperature is maintained in the condenser 4|, and flow through the vapor outlet conduit 41 to the bottom of the :scrubbing tower 48. If desired, the temperature of the condenser 4l may be adj-usted so that the greater portion of the tertiarybutyl mercaptan is condensed along with the`high boiling materials. This condensate withzlrawn. through connection 45 may then be distilled in a suitable distillation tower (not shown) to separate the tertiary niercaptan from the polymerization products.

The uncondensed portion of the reaction mixture rises in the scrubber 48 and contacts a downstream of scrubbing solution, such as aqueous caustic soda whereupon tertiary mercaptan (butyl or amyl or both, depending on the tertiary base olen or olens in the charge) and hydrogen sulfide are converted respectively to the cor responding soluble alkali mercapt'ide and alkali sulfide or hydrosulde. The unreacted hydrocarbons are unalected by the caustic soda and are removed through the gas vent 50 from which they may be conducted to another operation or treatment such as alkylation, polymerization, or the like. The alkali mercaptide and alkali sulnde or hydrosulde in caustic solution pass out of the scrubber 48 through the outlet connection 52 to the still 54. High-pressure steam or other heating medium passes through the coil 5S in the still 54, thereby heating the caustic solution to an elevated temperature. On heating the caustic solution, the alkali mercaptide is converted to rthe corresponding tertiary butyl or tertiary amyl mercaptan which, along with some water, distills from the solution. The teritary mercaptan water vapors rise to the outlet line 5S', new therethrough to the condenser 51 Where they are con densed and from which the condensate Hows to the separator 58. The condensate separates here in (58) into an upper layer of mercaptan, and lower layer of water. The mercaptan layer is Withdrawn through the valved outlet 5! to storage or other process, or processes, a gauge glass 13 being provided to facilitate the mercaptan withdrawal.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that when the original hydrocarbon mixture contains a mixture of the preferred tertiary base olens,

isobutylene and trimethyl ethylene, for example, the mercaptan layer Withdrawn through the captans can then be separated from each other by suitable separation means, such as by distillav tion (means not shown) The lower waterlayer is allowed to drain from the bottom'of the separator 58through the water 'outlet '60. It is recombined, in passing through the valve 6I and the water-return pipe 62, with the caustic solution 'which has been discharged from the still 54. This caustic solution has passed through conduit 64, well S4', the cooler 65, conduit 66 to caustic reservoir 61. This coldl caustic solution, which contains some alkali sulfide, combined with water from the separator 58 is'pumped by means of the pump 63 to the caustic scrubber 48 through the inlet conduit 5|. If, however,- said caustic solution from the still 4 tends toaccurnulate ari-appreciable amount of =alkali sulfide, it can be removed from the sysftemby means of thedrain 68, and can be replaced with a desired amount of fresh caustic through the means 10. This is necessary when an appreciable amount of unreacted HzS is present in' the'eluent gases from the reactor l I and which reacts with lcaustic soda in the scrubber As weI have previously indicated, temperature is the most important and most Icritical of these influencing factors. The reaction :of the tertiary base olen, such as isobutylene or `f.isoamylenes, and hydrogen sulde whereby the corresponding tertiary mercaptan is formed is islightly exothermic. Therefore, in order that the temperature of the reaction mixture be controlled within the desired limits, the heat of reaction should be uniformly and readily withdrawn from the reaction zone. This may be accomplished by a proper control of the temperature and rate of flow of the heat transfer medium in the reactor. The sensitivity of this reaction to temperature in the presence of various catalysts is illustrated by the curves in Figure 3.

Referring now to Figure 3, curves A, B, C and D are temperature-yield curves with temperature plotted along the abscissa and yield of tertiary butyl mercaptan plotted along the ordinate. Each point on the several curves represents a single preparation of tertiary butyl mercaptan from isobutylene and hydrogen sulfide under the following conditions which are similar to those described hereinabove. A reaction chamber containing a single catalyst tube, inside diameter 22 mm., w'as used. In each run, three 3) liters per Curve A illustrates the results obtained with P453 as the catalyst and clearly indicates that the process contemplated herein with Piss as the catalyst is operative over the broad temperature range25 C. to about 175 C. A quantity of 90 grams of P4S3 deposited on 69.5 grams of wood charcoal was used; and the volume and height of the catalyst in the column were 265 cc. and 69.5 cm., respectively. It is seen that at atmospheric or room temperature, about 25 C., a yield of about 70% is obtained. The yield increases with increase of temperature until the maximum yield--about 100%-is obtained in the neighborhood of 80 C. Thereafter, further increase of temperature makes for smaller yields until at about 175 C., the yield is only about 20%. For

-practical purposes Where yields of 50% and hour of each gas, isobutylene andhydrogen sultertiary butyl mercaptan was based upon that fraction of reaction product boiling from 63 C.

to 66 C. at atmospheric pressure greater are desired, curve A indicates that temperatures within the range of about 25 C. to about 130 C. 'may be used. With a close regulation of temperature within the range of about 60 C. to about 90 C., .where the catalyst used is P483, maximum yields of or more are obtained.

The effect of temperature on the yield with P255 as the catalyst, is represented by curve B; and here again, it is seen that the process.is operative over the broad range of 25 C. to about 175 C. Thirty-nine (39) grams of P2S5 deposited on 78 grams of wood charcoal was used in obtaining these results. rlhe volume and height of the catalyst in the reaction column were 300 cc. and 87.5 cm., respectively. As with P453, a yield of about 70% was obtained at about 25 C. The yield increased with increase in tmperature until the maximum, about 90%, was obtained with a temperature in the neighborhood of 80 C. The yield fell oil' thereafter, and at about 175 C. only 20% of the mercaptan was obtained. As with PrSs, the curve indicates that yields of 50% and greater are obtained from about 25 C. to about/130 C., and the temperature range for optimum yields of 80% and greater is from about 60 C. to about 90 C.

Curve C represents the results obtained with phosphoric acid as the catalyst, and the parabolic curve obtained again indicates the operative temperature range, 25 C. to about 175 C. Phosphoric acid in the amount of 98 grams co1) adsorbed on approximately an equal weight of cocoanut charcoal was used in obtaining these results. At 25 C., a small yield of about 3% was obtained, The yield increased with increase in temperature and a maximum yield was obtained at about 80 C. After reaching this maximum, the yield fell off so that only about 3% is obtained at about 175 C. In general, yields of less than 50C? are impractical. Inspection of curve C shows that yields of 50% and greater are obtained from about 40 C. yto about C., and with closer temperature control, yields of 80% and greater are obtained from about 60 C. to about 90 C.

From the foregoing discussion of curves A, B and C, it is apparent that the process contemplated herein is operative over the broad temperature range 25 C. to about 175 C. Preferred temperature ranges are from about 40 C. to about 130 C., and particularly from about 60 C. to about 90 C.

Curve D represents the results obtained with cocoanut charcoal alone and clearly demonstrates the feeble catalytic activity of this substance when used under the same conditions asI phosphorus sesqui-sulfide, phosphorus pentasulzie and phosphoric acid.

While the curves A, B and C (and D) were obtained with the operating conditions described, above, it will be understood that the slope and breadth of these curves may change with changes in one or more operating conditions. For example, various proportions of reactants may be used instead of three liters of each gas, hydrogen sulde and isobutylene. In general, however, it appears that curves A, B and C substantially represent the catalytic action of the phosphorus compounds, dened above, in the conversion of the C-4 and C-5 tertiary base olefins to their corresponding tertiary mercaptans.

It is one feature of this invention that high pressures are not required. On the contrary, atmospheric or, at most, pressures only slightly greater than atmospheric are used. In order that the reaction be carried out in the vapor phase, it vis necessary that the pressure be less than that pressure at which liquifaction of the hydrocarbon would occur at the operating temperature. It will readily be seen that the use of pressures from about atmospheric to about 4 atmospheres are not such as to require the use of expensive highpressure reaction chambers. This, of course, is a decided economic advantage.

As aforesaid, the proportions of reactants for our process obviously can be varied considerably. Theoretically, the optimum molar ratio of tertiary base olen to hydrogen sulfide would be 1:1. In some cases, however, maximum yields are obtained When a slight excess of HzS is used.

' Tertiary base olens are notorious for their tendency to polymerize and this polymerization reaction tends to compete with the addition reaction With the resultant formation of high boiling poly tertiary base. olens. An excess of H25, therefore, will increase the yield of mercaptan by affording greater opportunity for the tertiary base olefln-HzS reaction. This factor of the molar ratio of the reactants naturally will be regulated by the economics of the particular case at hand, that is, by the relative costs of hydrocarbon and HzS, and of their handling and recovery.

While it is possible, and is contemplated herein, to use the catalyst Without a catalyst support, it is preferred that the catalyst be supported on an adsorbent inert carrier. Many such substances may be used for this purpose, typical of which are wood charcoal, cocoanut charcoal, granulated coke, certain clays which are catalytically inactive for the purposes of this invention (as opposed to active non-plastic clays), silica gel, etc. For example, we have found that wood and cocoanut charcoals exert little, if any,

To demonstrate the selectivity `of the method of separation of isobutylene, for example, from hydrocarbon mixtures containing this tertiary base olen and hydrocarbons such as normal olens, secondary olens and saturated hydrocarbons, several such separations were effected by using typical hydrocarbon mixtures. The reaction zone used in these examples consisted of one glass tube, inside diameter 22 mm.

Example I (a) A normal butene mixture containing only a trace of isobutylene as an impurity was subjected to the action of HzSin the presence of l-IaPOl. on wood charcoal at C. The rate was 3 liters of each gas per hour and the duration of the run was ve hours. The volume of catalyst used was 65 cc. Only a trace of tertiary butyl mercaptan was formed; no other .mercaptans were formed. l

(b) Similar treatment of a normal buteneisobutane mixture containing only a trace of isobutylene as an impurity, yielded only a trace of tertiary butyl mercaptan. No primaryor secondary-butyl mercaptans were obtained.

(c) A commercial butane, obtained from a thermal cracking operation, containing approximately 15-17% of isobutylene, and E53-85% of normaland iso-butane, butene-1 and butene-2, propylene and propane, when treated as in (a) yielded only tertiary butyl mercaptan. No propyl, or primaryor secondary-butyl mercaptans were formed. Thus, (a), (b) and (c) of Example I clearly demonstrate the selectivity of our process as herein described, wherein only tertiary base y olens in the presence of other hydrocarbons react with HzS to form the corresponding tertiary mercaptans.

Example II The catalyst used in this example was the same catalyst as in Example I, namely, phosphoric acid deposited on wood charcoal, but here it occupied 100 cm. of the reaction tube instead of 65 cm. The rate of now of each reactant was increased from 3 to 4 liters per hour and the time of this continuous run was 3 hours.

From a butene mixture containing 64% isobutylene and 36% butenes -1 and -2, an 83% yield of tertiary butyl mercaptan based on isobutylene was obtained. No normalor secondarybutyl mercaptan was obtained.

Analysis of the exit gases showed a ratio of normal butene to isobutylene of 3.5, whereas the starting mixture showed a ratio of 0.56. Here, again, only the tertiary base olefin has reacted with HzS to form the corresponding tertiary mercaptan.

Eample III In this case, the catalyst was phosphoric acid on wood charcoal as in Examples I and II, but here is occupied 96 cm. of the reaction tube. The rate of ow of a commercial butane was '7 liters per hour andfof HzS, 1.5 liters per hour. The run was continuous for 6 hours. This commercial butane gas contained 16 mol per cent isobutylene, 26 mol per Acent butenes -1 and -2,

the balance consisting of saturates. At the middlev of the run, a sample of the exit gas, which had been scrubbed to remove hydrogen sulde, contained 3.3 mol per cent isobutylene and 30 mol per cent butenes -1 and 2.

Thus, only the isobutylene, a tertiary base olefin, was effected by contact with H2S in the presence of the catalyst.

The following example illustrates.l the selec-l tivity of the method contemplated herein when applied to the separation of another tertiary base olefin, trimethyl ethylene,

from a hydrocarbon mixture containing pentene-2,

traces of other pentenes and pentane, in addition to trimethyl ethylene- Example IV The reactor in this case consisted of an iron pipe three inches in diameter and five feet long. The catalyst was phosphoric acid adsorbed on approximately an equal weight of cocoanut charcoal, and the catalyst mass occupied three feet of the reaction tube. The temperature of the jacket surrounding the reactor was held at about 70C.

The hydrocarbon was a material sold commercially as mixed amylenes and specified to consist of approximately equal parts of trimethyl ethylene and pentene-2, and traces of other pentenes and pentanes. The amylenes, 2.535 grams. were introduced during six hours into a 3 cu. ft. per hour stream of hydrogen sulfide in a warm area. In this way, the hydrocarbon was vaporized and thoroughly mixed with H before entering the reactor. The exit gases were condensed in passing through a condenser. A caustic scrubber was operated on the outlet of the product receiver to recover any mercaptan not condensed, and also to absorb excess HzS.

Complete recovery of the product was not offected because of some mechanical loss; however, 1,555 grams of condensate was recovered and carefully fractionated at atmospheric pressure. Aside from an amylene fraction boiling around C., the only other constant boiling fraction was 671 grams of tertiary amyl mercaptan boiling at 97 to ,100 C. Secondary amyl mercaptan (or, less probably, n-amyl mercaptan) would have been formed if the pentene-2 present in the original hydrocarbon mixture had reacted. No trace of either of the latter two mercaptans was observed.

From the foregoing description and examples, it will be seen that the process contemplated herein provides a convenient means for separating tertiary base olefins from a mixture of hydro carbons which are to be used in subsequent procedures where the tertiary base olefin would be an undesirable contaminant. It also provides an economical process for the synthesis of tertiary mercaptans, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan and tertiary amyl mercaptan from 4either a hydrocarbon mixture containing the corresponding tertiary base olefin or the corresponding tertiary base olefin in the pure form. If the hydrocarbon reactant contains several tertiary base olefins, thev mercaptan product wil1 be a mixture of the corresponding tertiary mercaptans which can be separated into its various Vcomponents by fractionation.

It is to be understood that this invention is not to be limited to the foregoing typical illustrative examples of the same', but is to be construed broadly as defined by the language of the appended claims.

We claim:

1. The method of selectively separating a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a. hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, normal oleiins, secondary oleiins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing a catalyst vselected from the group consisting of acids and thoacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides. and thioanhydrides, regulating the flow of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a. very brief contact time therein and maintaining the temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about 25 C. and about-175 C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan; and separating said mercaptan from the reactionproduct so obtained.

2. The method of selectively separating a tertiary baseolefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, `normal olefins, secondary olefins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen suliide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the iiow of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a very brief contact time therein land maintaining the temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about 40 C. and about 130 C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan; and separating said mercaptan from the reaction product so obtained.

3. The method o! selectively separating a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, normal olefins, secondary olefins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the ow of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a very brief contact time` therein 'and maintaining the temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about C. and about C., whereby said tertiary base oleiin is converted to the corresponding i tertiary mercaptan; and separating said mercaptan from the reaction product so obtained.

4. The method of selectively separating a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, normal olefins, secondary olefins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing phosphoric acid, regulating the now of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a. very brief contact time therein and maintaining the temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about 40 C. and about C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary -mercaptam and separating said mercaptan from the reaction product so obtained,

5. The method of selectively separating a ter- 'tiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethylethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, normal olefins, secondary olefins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide;

passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing phosphorus pentasulde, regulating the flow of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a very brief contact time therein, and maintaining the temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about 25 C. and about 130 C., whereby said tertiary base oleiin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan;

and separating said mercaptan from the reactiony product so obtained.

6. The method of selectively separating a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin, normal oleiins, secondary olefins and saturated hydrocarbons, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zonecontaining phosphorus sesquisulde, regulating the flow of from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base olefin in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of -acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thiol anhydrides, regulating the flow of sai-d reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fractibn of a secondto about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 40 C. and about 130 C., whereby -said tertiary base olen is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan.

10. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base olefin-in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the iiow of said rehactants through said reaction zone to provide said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a very brief contact time therein and maintaining the temperature` of said reaction mixture therein between-about C. and about 130 C., whereby said tertiarybase olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan; and separating said mercaptan from the reaction product so obtained.

7. The method of selectively separating a tertiary base olefin selectedI from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene from a hydrocarbon mixture containing said tertiary base olefin and at least one non-tertiary base olefin, which comprises: admixing said hydrocarbon mixture with hydrogen sulfide; passing the reaction mixture thus formed in the vapor phase through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the iiow of said reaction mixture through said reaction zone to provide a very brief contact time therein and maintaining the 4temperature of said reaction mixture therein between about 25 C. and about 175 C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan; and separating said mercaptan from the reaction product so obtained.

8. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base olefin in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the iiow of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about 175 C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is converted to the corresponding tertiary mer captan.

9. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan therein a contact time from a fraction of asecond to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 60? C. and about 90 C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is convertedto the corresponding tertiary mercaptan.

11. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base olefin in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing phosphoric acid, regulating the flow of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 60 C. and about 90 C., whereby said tertiary base oleii is converted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan.

12. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base olefin in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing phosphorus pentasulfide, regulating the flow of said reactants through said reaction zone toprovide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about C., whereby said tertiary base olefin is comverted to the corresponding tertiary mercaptan.

13. The method of making a tertiary mercaptan from a tertiary base olefin selected from the group consisting of isobutylene, trimethyl ethylene and unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises, passing said tertiary base oleiin in the Vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing phosphorus sesquisulfide, regulating the iiow' of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about 130 C., whereby said tertiary base olen is converted to the' corresponding tertiary mercaptan. l

14. The method of making tertiary butyl mercaptan from isobutylene which comprises, passing isobutylene in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulde through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the flow of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about 175 C., whereby isobutylene is convertedy to tertiary butyl mercaptan.

15. The method of making tertiary amyl mercaptan from trimethyl ethylene which comprises, passing trimethyl ethylene in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulfide through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the ow of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about 175 C., whereby trimethyl ethylene is converted to tertiary amyl mercaptan.

16. The method of making tertiary amyl mercaptan from nsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene which comprises. passing unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene in the vapor phase with hydrogen sulde through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids or phosphorus and 4their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, regulating the flow of said reactants through said reaction zone to provide therein a contact time from a fractionl of a second to about a minute and maintaining the temperature of said reactants therein between about 25 C. and about 175 C., whereby unsymmetrical methyl ethyl ethylene is converted to tertiary amyl mercaptan.

17. In a method for making a tertiary mercaptan by reacting a monomeric tertiary base olefin vapor with hydrogen sulde in the presence of a catalyst selected from ythe group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, the improvement which comprises: regulating the ow of said oleiin vapor and hydrogen sulfide with respect to said catalyst to provide a contact time therein from a l fraction of a second to about a minute and maintaining a reaction temperature therein between about 60 C. and about 90 C.

18. In a method for making a tertiary mercaptan by passing a vapor phase mixture containing a monomeric tertiary base olen and hydrogen sulde through a reaction zone containing a catalyst selected from the group consisting of acids and thioacids of phosphorus and their anhydrides and thioanhydrides, the improvement 

